Archive for the ‘Evolution’ Category

Men Not Useless After All

Tuesday, March 20th, 2012

“A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle.”

Well, no.

Women need men like men need women, as Roy F. Baumeister explains by way of answering the modern question, “Is There Anything Good About Men?”

When you think about it, the idea that one gender is all-around better than the other is not very plausible. Why would nature make one gender better than the other?

[There are] three main theories we’ve had about gender: Men are better, no difference, and women are better. What’s missing from that list? Different but equal.

Natural selection will preserve innate differences between men and women as long as the different traits are beneficial in different circumstances or for different tasks.

The tradeoff approach yields a radical theory of gender equality. Men and women may be different, but each advantage may be linked to a disadvantage.

Today’s human population is descended from twice as many women as men.

Most men who ever lived did not have descendants who are alive today.

We’re descended from men who took chances (and were lucky).

…[Men] outnumbered women both among the losers and among the biggest winners.

Here’s his conclusion:

To summarize my main points: A few lucky men are at the top of society and enjoy the culture’s best rewards. Others, less fortunate, have their lives chewed up by it. Culture uses both men and women, but most cultures use them in somewhat different ways. Most cultures see individual men as more expendable than individual women, and this difference is probably based on nature, in whose reproductive competition some men are the big losers and other men are the biggest winners. Hence it uses men for the many risky jobs it has.

Men go to extremes more than women, and this fits in well with culture using them to try out lots of different things, rewarding the winners and crushing the losers.

Culture is not about men against women. By and large, cultural progress emerged from groups of men working with and against other men. While women concentrated on the close relationships that enabled the species to survive, men created the bigger networks of shallow relationships, less necessary for survival but eventually enabling culture to flourish. The gradual creation of wealth, knowledge, and power in the men’s sphere was the source of gender inequality. Men created the big social structures that comprise society, and men still are mainly responsible for this, even though we now see that women can perform perfectly well in these large systems.

What seems to have worked best for cultures is to play off the men against each other, competing for respect and other rewards that end up distributed very unequally. Men have to prove themselves by producing things the society values. They have to prevail over rivals and enemies in cultural competitions, which is probably why they aren’t as lovable as women.

The essence of how culture uses men depends on a basic social insecurity. This insecurity is in fact social, existential, and biological. Built into the male role is the danger of not being good enough to be accepted and respected and even the danger of not being able to do well enough to create offspring.

The basic social insecurity of manhood is stressful for the men, and it is hardly surprising that so many men crack up or do evil or heroic things or die younger than women. But that insecurity is useful and productive for the culture, the system.

Again, I’m not saying it’s right, or fair, or proper. But it has worked. The cultures that have succeeded have used this formula, and that is one reason that they have succeeded instead of their rivals.

The Whole Thing is not very tightly organized, I’m afraid. It’s a talk, not a paper, and it lacks references.

But read the Whole Think anyway. These are ideas that are almost completely ignored by the loudest voices in our culture. Those voices are not trying to improve the role of women; they’re trying to tear down the culture.

As it turns out, men and women both serve important roles, but in differing spheres of influence. Men serve the group, women the family.

It is insanely self-destructive for a culture to devalue either sphere.

“When Ideas Have Sex”

Saturday, February 25th, 2012

A lovely and powerful explanation of why trade (that is, capitalism) of both things and ideas, is so incredibly important.

It Cools, Anyway

Friday, September 24th, 2010

In light (heh heh) of my last post, comes this news via Ace:

IPCC: ummm, ahhhh, yea maybe the Sun does have something to do with climate

The 2013 IPCC report will now include solar effects in their “models”.

…Over the famous 11-year solar cycle, the sun’s brightness varies by just 0.1 per cent. This was seen as too small a change to impinge on the global climate system, so solar effects have generally been left out of climate models. However, the latest research has changed this view, and the next report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), due in 2013, will include solar effects in its models…

The Sun just emailed me and requested I relay this message to the IPCC:

“How’s my ass taste now bitches?” – The Sun

Ass munching bonus round – The arctic sea ice strikes back:

…Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences finds that Arctic sea ice extent at the end of the 20th century was more extensive than most of the past 9000 years…

Real scientists make mistakes. Propagandists lie.

My response in Ace’s comments:

History will record the Anthropogenic Global Warming debacle as one of the great triumphs of the scientific method, right up there with Galileo and the Roman Catholic Church.

In fact, AGW is even better, because the warmists did their level best to use the surface methods of science (although not the Scientific Method): collecting data in a wide variety of disciplines with sophisticated instruments, analyzing it with high-end math, presenting plausible models of potential mechanisms, displaying their results with computer generated charts and animated projections of temperature, sea ice coverage, and all the rest of the modern scientific publishing Panoplia Propheticus…. They really went all out.

The scientific establishment itself, a majority of real, acknowledged experts in the field, and many other scientists in other disciplines, supported the claims of AGW (and indeed, still do.)

The AGW models comported with popular opinion, and generated a huge groundswell of avid support.

Warmists also suppressed countering views, both professionally and in the popular press. They had powerful support from the political establishment, and access to funding and propaganda outlets beyond the wildest dreams of the Renaissance Church. About the only thing they couldn’t do was put their critics under house arrest.

And still, somehow, skepticism, the idea that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, finally won out. (Ironically, the skeptical “extraordinary claims” mantra was long a favorite of evolutionary biologists against the unscientific creationism movement; many of those same biologists also supported AGW.)

Someday, the person who released the CRU email archive will be recognized as the great hero of science he is; we may even learn his name, although frankly, I love the fact that he remains anonymous. Although the archive was not itself dispositive, it was the breach in the dike that proved the dike even existed, something that had itself been hotly denied up to that point.

Once again, we humans turn out not to be the center of the universe.

“It cools, anyway. And warms, and goes up and down and all around, and there’s not much we can do to stop it.”

I’ve been looking for an excuse to say that for awhile now.

[edit: add link to Ace, distinguish between "methods of science" and "scientific method", and make a couple of additional minor clarifications.]

Simulating the Brain

Saturday, September 11th, 2010

Awhile back I posted about P.Z. Meyers fight with Ray Kurzweil over what it will take to simulate the brain.

There’ve been a few volleys back and forth since then. Here’s the conclusion from Eric Jordan’s wrap-up:

…I’m calling this one a draw. We might not be able to simulate the brain within 50 million bytes, but it’s overwhelmingly probably that we can solve the same problem that the brain does in that amount of space. To me that’s the goal that we’re shooting for, we don’t need to worry about biological accuracy – I don’t want to create yet another human, we’ve got plenty already, I just want a smarter computer!

Kurzweil may not understand the brain (and who does, really?), but Myers doesn’t understand that nobody working on AI gives one solitary shit about the physical brain; we’re after intelligence. And Kurzweil’s argument more or less stands up as long as that’s where we constrain our focus.

Kurzweil Overreaches

Tuesday, August 17th, 2010

No sooner do I disavow P.Z. Meyers than he turns up saying something important. He’s commenting on Priya Ganapati’s Gizmodo article about Ray Kurzweil’s assertion that

The design of the brain is in the genome. The human genome has three billion base pairs or six billion bits, which is about 800 million bytes before compression, he says. Eliminating redundancies and applying loss-less compression, that information can be compressed into about 50 million bytes, according to Kurzweil.

About half of that is the brain, which comes down to 25 million bytes, or a million lines of code.

Meyers responds

See that sentence I put in red up there? That’s his fundamental premise, and it is utterly false. Kurzweil knows nothing about how the brain works. It’s design is not encoded in the genome: what’s in the genome is a collection of molecular tools wrapped up in bits of conditional logic, the regulatory part of the genome, that makes cells responsive to interactions with a complex environment. The brain unfolds during development, by means of essential cell:cell interactions, of which we understand only a tiny fraction. The end result is a brain that is much, much more than simply the sum of the nucleotides that encode a few thousand proteins. He has to simulate all of development from his codebase in order to generate a brain simulator, and he isn’t even aware of the magnitude of that problem.

We cannot derive the brain from the protein sequences underlying it; the sequences are insufficient, as well, because the nature of their expression is dependent on the environment and the history of a few hundred billion cells, each plugging along interdependently. We haven’t even solved the sequence-to-protein-folding problem, which is an essential first step to executing Kurzweil’s clueless algorithm. And we have absolutely no way to calculate in principle all the possible interactions and functions of a single protein with the tens of thousands of other proteins in the cell!

Let me give you a few specific examples of just how wrong Kurzweil’s calculations are. Here are a few proteins that I plucked at random from the NIH database; all play a role in the human brain.

First up is RHEB (Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain). It’s a small protein, only 184 amino acids, which Kurzweil pretends can be reduced to about 12 bytes of code in his simulation. Here’s the short description.

MTOR (FRAP1; 601231) integrates protein translation with cellular nutrient status and growth signals through its participation in 2 biochemically and functionally distinct protein complexes, MTORC1 and MTORC2. MTORC1 is sensitive to rapamycin and signals downstream to activate protein translation, whereas MTORC2 is resistant to rapamycin and signals upstream to activate AKT (see 164730). The GTPase RHEB is a proximal activator of MTORC1 and translation initiation. It has the opposite effect on MTORC2, producing inhibition of the upstream AKT pathway (Mavrakis et al., 2008).

Got that? You can’t understand RHEB until you understand how it interacts with three other proteins, and how it fits into a complex regulatory pathway. Is that trivially deducible from the structure of the protein? No. It had to be worked out operationally, by doing experiments to modulate one protein and measure what happened to others. If you read deeper into the description, you discover that the overall effect of RHEB is to modulate cell proliferation in a tightly controlled quantitative way. You aren’t going to be able to simulate a whole brain until you know precisely and in complete detail exactly how this one protein works.

Dammit, and I thought Kurzweil was a schmot guy.

But let me poke a bit on Meyers, too: Simulating the brain down to the protein interactions isn’t going to work, either. The trick is going to be setting up a network of logic gates that can self-organize into a brain under the appropriate stimuli. And, no, we’re not going to understand how it works, either. [Yeah, that link goes to Meyers, too. He knows better.]

Then there’s this from the comments:

[Kurzweil thinks] he’ll be able to resurrect his dead father using DNA recovered from the latter’s grave plus records of his life. IOW, he believes in magic.

Even Jesus can't believe your idiocy.

via SF critic James Nicoll.

An Actual Offended (Male) Feminist

Sunday, May 9th, 2010

He’s a day late for Offend A Feminist Week, but P.Z. Meyer of Pharyngula is indeed offended, and, as miraculous as Jesus Toast, he’s offended in the right way at the right sort of thing:

An Islamist rebel administration in Somalia has had a 13-year-old girl stoned to death for adultery after the child’s father reported that she was raped by three men.

O.K. I’m just going to try to get my head around this.

[Deep Breath]

Thirteen year old girl gets gang raped by three men, and is then punished for her wanton seduction of those good Allah-fearing gentlemen by being stoned to death. I’m sure the world is a cleaner place without her in it, right? Um, let me think for a moment….

No.

OK then. Moving on to Meyer’s response to the question of, can he, “as a godless humanist, say that this is wrong?”

Yes, I’m sure I can. It is morally reprehensible, it is not fair or just, it does great harm not just to the victim but to the people who perpetrate such hateful acts, and to the rapists who are granted freedom to destroy more lives. The culture that would tolerate and encourage such behavior is not one I want to be a member of, and not even one that I want to share the planet with.

It is very hard to think about it purely rationally, though, when all you can feel is grief for a lost life and so many minds destroyed by hatred.

Right on, P.Z. Right on. Good call.

As I always say at around this point in the conversation:
There is no god, especially not Allah, and Mohammad, may piss be upon him, was no prophet, but a child molesting, mass murdering, cultist.

[NB: This is a fairly old story, and I'm sure if P.Z. looked around, he could probably find more current examples, but damn it, right is right, and evil is evil. Prove to me that Islam in general, and Somalia in particular, is struggling mightily to cleanse itself of this kind of barbarity, and I'll think about admitting them to the 21st Century World of the Future.]

Happy Mother’s Day!

Sunday, May 9th, 2010

Via Pharyngula:

[Video]

The baby’s name is “Riski”, an “Indonesian word meaning ‘prosperous’”. I absolutely love the completely accidental bilingual pun here: there is no prosperity without risk; indeed, no joy, no life, without risk.

“Raising baby elephants is truly a risky business.”

Deep Time

Friday, April 30th, 2010

I cannot do this justice on this site; there simply isn’t enough room.

Click here for a to-scale timeline of evolution. Use the horizontal slider on your browser to get to the interesting part; nothing much happens for a long, long time. At the end, there’s a button that allows you to expand the human-development section, which otherwise is an undifferentiated sliver.

The Earth is old, folks. We hominids are newcomers, infants.

Our use of industry is so recent it barely registers.

You will need to work very very hard to convince me that we’re doing unprecedented damage to our world.

Invertebrate Tool User

Wednesday, December 16th, 2009

Octopi carrying coconut shell armor.

How different is this, in principle, from hermit crab behavior? (Actually, quite a bit, I’d say, given how much the ‘pus manipulates the shell.)

Via More Words, Deeper Hole.

“So The Cosmos Can Know Itself”

Tuesday, November 10th, 2009

I have not much to say about this, except: Beauty.

Via The Anchoress. Thank you, Ma’am. Thank you very much.

No, wait, I do have a couple of things to say:

The story of cosmology and evolution is the story told by the Stars and Stones, Cells and Bones. It is all one story, and its great power and beauty is that it shows us what Gregory Bateson called “The Pattern That Connects”.

We are not special, we are part and parcel of the Universe, a link in a chain of existence going back to the Bright Beginning.

We are Star Stuff, and we are all one with each other, with all life, with every thing.

“Thou Art God” — Robert Heinlein

I also left a couple of comments at the Anchoress’ site.

Lyrics [from The Symphony of Science website] below the fold:
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